Q: How does object-oriented programming (OOP) handle data compared to procedural programming?

Object-oriented programming (OOP) handles data by encapsulating it within objects. This means that data and the methods that operate on that data are bundled together into a single unit called an object. Encapsulation is a key principle of OOP, as it helps protect the internal state of objects from unintended modifications and enhances data integrity. In contrast, procedural programming often relies on global variables or data structures that are accessible throughout the program, which can lead to issues with data consistency and security. By encapsulating data, OOP ensures that it can only be accessed or modified through defined methods, providing a controlled interface for interaction. This approach not only enhances data security but also promotes modularity and reusability, as objects can be designed to represent real-world entities with specific attributes and behaviors. Encapsulation also makes it easier to manage and maintain complex software systems, as changes to the internal state of an object can be made without affecting other parts of the program.