- A Neurosis and Psychosis
- B Multiaxiol System (DSM-IV R)
- C Criteria of Normality
- D Modern Concept of Abnormality
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The traditional criteria for abnormality include neurosis and psychosis. Neurosis refers to a class of functional mental disorders involving distress but not delusions or hallucinations, while psychosis refers to a mental disorder characterized by a disconnection from reality, including delusions and hallucinations.
The DSM-IV R (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, Revised) uses a multiaxial system for diagnosing psychological disorders. The system includes five axes: Axis I - Clinical disorders, Axis II - Personality disorders and intellectual disabilities, Axis III - Medical conditions, Axis IV - Psychosocial and environmental problems, and Axis V - Global assessment of functioning.
Neurosis is a less severe form of psychological disorder that is characterized by anxiety, depression, or obsessive-compulsive behaviors. Psychosis, on the other hand, is a more severe form of psychological disorder that is characterized by a loss of touch with reality, including delusions and hallucinations.
Schizophrenia is a serious mental disorder characterized by symptoms such as delusions, hallucinations, disorganized thinking and behavior, and emotional flatness. Hallucinations are a common symptom in schizophrenia where a person sees, hears, smells, or feels things that are not real.
Unipolar mood disorder, commonly known as major depressive disorder, is characterized by persistent feelings of sadness, hopelessness, and a lack of interest in life. Bipolar mood disorder, on the other hand, involves both depressive episodes and manic or hypomanic episodes, where the person experiences elevated or irritable mood, increased energy, and a reduced need for sleep.
Panic disorder is a type of anxiety disorder characterized by sudden and repeated attacks of intense fear, accompanied by physical symptoms such as sweating, palpitations, and shortness of breath. Antisocial disorder and narcissistic personality disorder are personality disorders, while schizotypal disorder is a type of schizophrenia spectrum disorder.
Antisocial personality disorder is a personality disorder characterized by a pervasive disregard for the rights of others, a lack of empathy or remorse, and impulsive and irresponsible behavior. It is commonly associated with criminal behavior and is more prevalent in men than women.
PTSD is a type of anxiety disorder that can develop after a person experiences or witnesses a traumatic event. Symptoms can include flashbacks, nightmares, avoidance of reminders of the trauma, hypervigilance, and emotional numbness.
Phobias are a type of anxiety disorder characterized by intense, irrational fears of specific objects or situations. Common types of phobias include fear of heights, fear of spiders, fear of enclosed spaces, and fear of flying, among others.
Anxiety disorders include phobias, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), panic disorder, generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Bipolar disorder is a mood disorder, not an anxiety disorder.