- AEarly 20th century
- BMid-20th century
- CLate 20th century
- DEarly 21st century
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New procedures for design emerged in the mid-20th century, as a response to industrialization and mass-production that changed the nature of designing.
In the 1970s, there was some reaction against the rationality of design methods, which led to a shift towards more participatory and user-centered design processes. This led to the development of participatory design, user centered design and the role of design thinking as a creative process in problem solving
Design methodology is the broader study of method in design, and it is focused on studying the principles, practices and procedures of designing.
The criticisms against rationalized approaches to design problem-solving led to a shift towards argumentative, participatory processes in which designers worked in partnership with the problem stakeholders (clients, customers, users, the community). This led to participatory design, user-centered design, and the role of design thinking as a creative process in problem solving and innovation.
The given data mentions that conventional procedures of design, such as drawing, can be regarded as design methods, but new procedures developed since the 1950s are grouped under the name of "design methods". Industrialization is not a design method but rather a process of mass-production.
The text states that this is the systematic model for engineering design by Pahl and Beitz.
The text states that this association played a role in the development of systematic engineering design methods.
The text states that L. Bruce Archer produced this model in his book.
In architectural design, process models tend to be cyclical and spiral, with iteration as essential to progression towards a final design.
L. Bruce Archer broadened the scope of conventional design thinking to incorporate knowledge of ergonomics, cybernetics, marketing, and management science.