Table of Contents
Indus valley civilization
- Indus civilisation is one of the four earliest civilisations of the world along with the civilisations of Mesopotamia (Tigris and Euphrates), Egypt (Nile) and China (Hwang Ho).
- The civilisation forms part of the proto-history of India and belongs to the Bronze age.
- . In its mature form, the civilisation lasted between 2600-1900 BC.
- It can be divided into following sub-parts
- Early Phase 3500-2600 BC
- Middle (mature) Phase 2600-1900 BC
- Later Phase 1900-1400 BC
- Dayaram Sahni first discovered Harappa in 1921.
- RD Banerjee discovered Mohenjodaro or Mound of the Dead in 1922.
Nomenclature of Indus Valley Civilisation
- Indus Valley Civilisation coined by John Marshall as it flourished along the Indus river.
- Harappan Civilisation after the first discovered site, Harappa.
- Saraswati-Sindhu Civilisation as most of the sites have been found along the Indus-Saraswati river.
Geographical Spread
- The civilisation covered parts of Sind, Baluchistan, Afghanistan, Punjab, Gujarat, Uttar Pradesh, Haryana, Rajasthan, Jammu and Kashmir, Punjab and Maharashtra.
- Mundigak and Shortughai are the two sites located in Afghanistan.
- Western most site Sutkagendor on Makran coast. Eastern most site Alamgirpur in Uttar Pradesh.
- Northern most site Manda in Jammu (River Chenab). Southern most site Daimabad in Maharashtra (River Pravara) are major sites.
Some New Discoveries
- Ganverivala in Pakistan by Rafeeq Mugal.
- Bhirrana oldest Harappan site has said to be the mounds at Bhirrana village on the banks of Ghaggar river.
- Rakhigarhi in Haryana by Amarendra Nath.
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